Category: Hindus’ History

From: Rajput < >

Shri Chelvapilla,

Thank you very much for this profound account of those days. (Below)

I was 15 then and can recall the details of bloodshed and refugee stampede of millions. There were instances of fathers killing their teenage daughters to save them from falling into the hands of Muslim mobs. And not only the sick and the very old, even infants were not spared. Houses were set on fire with inmates behind locked doors with crowds outside baying for their murder and abduction of the girls sheltering inside. What we saw then and our ancestors saw for centuries before 1947, the Western world is seeing only now in the shape of Isil in Syria and Irak and the treatment of YAZIDIS and Christians, men, women and children!

The massacres of Hindukush and all the previous invasions from Sindh to Somnath, Mathura, Varanasi and Ayodhya, have lost much of topicality for the Hindus who were too easy to be massacred and are too quick to forget. Forgetting all these and especially PARTITION in 1947 is a cardinal crime in which President to Peon, all are accomplices.

All this should be recorded and mentioned without worrying about pc. There was no pc then in the barbarity inflicted on Hindus and Sikhs across the newly established Pakistan then- courtesy NEHRU’S treason and GANDHI’S cowardice and his appeasement policy.

It is incomprehensible  as to why the widespread massacres in RAWALPINDI district in Punjab that started on March 11, 1947 to eliminate the SIKH (DEFENCE) factor at the very beginning of the final Muslim onslaught for Partition are not often mentioned. The Sikhs had been foremost in the struggle for Independence.  We can recall Jallianwala Bagh massacre and martyrs like Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh. Very large number of Sikhs joined the Azad Hind Fauj of Netaji as highly motivated volunteers. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the secret enemy of Hindus and a friend of Islam, identified NETAJI BOSE for elimination and also marked the SIKHS for decimation & degradation. They were seen by him as being the backbone of India’s defence who were too willing to follow a strong patriotic leader like Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.

Nehru swore enmity towards Netaji, forcing him to leave India, and against the Sikhs by maliciously surrendering even the birth place of Guru Nanak Devji at Nankana Sahib and the capital Lahore with 75% Hindu/Sikh inhabitants!

The Sikhs, once a strong community (“Sword arm” of Hindu nation) that defeated the Afghans to capture KHYBER PASS and established a sovereign Kingdom in Punjab and Kashmir, were marked for decimation by NEHRU. In ferocity and barbarity the massacres in RAWALPINDI District and throughout West Punjab and NOAKHALI District in East Bengal have no parallel in history in savagery and brutality.

We hope that one day FREE Bharat’s history books will highlight your article (below) with the additional information provided above, making it compulsory study to understand Partition and the betrayal of the MAJORITY community (Hindus) then.

Rajput

January 31, 2016.

In a message dated 1/30/2016 2:57:07 P.M. GMT Standard Time, chelvapila@aol.com writes:

To day Jan 30,2016 is observed as a martyrs day in India .

M K Gandhi was assassinated on this day.

May be to day is as good a day as any to recall some of events of those days in  1940s leading to partition of India and assassination of Gandhi.

Since that day, Jan 30, 1948 enough encomiums were paid to Gandhi to the exclusion of many stalwarts of Freedom movement, now is high time to honestly assess his contributions for independence of India. Please note India did not win anything but was ‘granted’ independence only after dividing into 3 pieces, a partition that never happened in the entire hoary history of thousands of years despite many alien reigns. India as a nation remained one thought several regions were under different rulers.

So for that extraordinary outcome who is responsible ?

The consequence of partition are very evident then and now. Some retrospection is in order here because of Gandhi’s pivotal role during those days , when India was emerging into freedom.

Even in subjugation both nation of India which is ageless, timeless and state of India clearly with well delineated borders  existed along with  masses of people with their distinct culture  also  existed as long as mountains and rivers of India. Yet when this ancient nation emerged into freedom there was no joy in the hearts, minds and faces of people for achieving their independence as noted by Sardar Patel .

The reason is seen in pictures and story below.

36 Rare and Unseen pictures of India-Pakistan Partition 1947 …

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfzYLuHkzXA

3 min – Apr 5, 2015 – Uploaded by someproudindian!!!2

After the partition a large amount of population exchange occurred between India and …

The reason for lack of any joy or happiness among people of India in that fateful month and preceding period leading to ‘independence’ will become understandable even for those who were born much, much later after August 1947, if they see the pictures with each worth more than 1000 words and more than thousands of tears. So they too like contemporaries of August 15th 1947 will mourn and should mourn even in  2016.

Crucial role in bringing about partition of India was played by;

For Pakistanis, Nehru and Gandhi are the villains. For Indians, Jinnah is the villain. This is how history is written and interpreted everywhere.

Since all of us, Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis  once belonged to the same nation, Bharath, it is right and proper to consider all those responsible for partition   as villains for robbing the joy out of millions and millions of people of India at a time she was emerging into freedom after centuries of struggle.  While it is true that there are many other players in the tragedy of dividing India, some of them in London while one, Mountbatten was in Delhi doing the dirty work for departing colonialists., the main roles belongs to those three pictured above because they were chosen or picked to represent the two major communities in India, Hindus and Moslems and all of them failed the very people whose interests they are supposed to represent. Gandhi himself confessed he could be held guilty for betraying Hindus, his third son Ramadas Gandhi emphasized the same point that Gandhi betrayed Hindus of India. Nehru betrayed India- just three weeks before he signed on partition deed, he bombastically declared Pakistan was a fantastic nonsense.

It will be unfair to give all credit to just those three tall leaders pictured above for originating an Islamic State out of India then. There are many more , many in London pulling strings-Sir Winston Churchill and M A Jinnah were in correspondence with each other secretly using code words like lovers. And on the scene in New Delhi carrying out the mandate to carve India to pieces for her temerity to demand freedom was  Earl Mountbatten, Viceroy .

Mountbatten, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl

3 of 4Mountbatten, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl

The result of machinations of all such people was great hurt to nation, civilization of India. Regarding what culture and civilization of India has done and given to the world can be seen in brief quote here from Will Durant.

He  wrote in his book on India in 1931 about great  harm done to such great nation, people, by British rule The book that  banned then in India.

You can access the contents via on line. It is worth reading because what he said about merciless exploitation of India by British was not present in history books prescribed for students in India, perhaps only country in the world that reads history written by her enemies.

Thus as a result of Colonialism  ,especially as a result of partition , India’s civilization still remains as V. S. Naipaul pointed out  a ‘Wounded Civilization’.

In those days Congress party was recognized only as a Hindu party to negotiate on behalf of Hindus while Jinnah of Moslem league was there to press demands for a Moslem homeland .

The violence that broke out when India was divided was not a surprise, if any body had any doubt about what to expect, Jinnah cleared all doubts and showed what  to expect when he gave call for ‘Direct action’ to press his demand an year before and all the hell broke lose in Calcutta in August 1946 , in Bengal whose Chief minister was Suhravardy of Moslem league, Hindus were made to pay very heavily to say the least. Jinnah himself openly stated that he and Moslem league will not hesitate to use ‘extra-Constitutional methods to achieve their goal of dividing India for an exclusive home land for Moslems who he said constituted a different nation. And as you can see in pictures below the results of his call for direct action . These scenes continued to be repeated all through process of dividing India and even afterwards  , even to date all over undivided India .

Images for picture of victims of violence in calcutta in direction action day ………..

A Hindu in India converts to Islam, he becomes a Moslem but not a different national. This two nation theory of barrister MA Jinnah was absurd then and absurd now. Even in theory, background the concept was flawed and disastrous. In practice Pakistan failure is even worse. Of all states cobbled together to form Pakistan, Balochistan is largest.

Please listen to Baloch leader Tarek Fatah . Pakistan now is administering same treatment to Balochi people as it did to Bengalis in 1970s.

http://satyavijayi.com/one-of-the-rarest-and-best-speeches-of-tarek-fatah-on-partition-of-india-at-ted/

What happened in Pakistan in general to Hindus is matter of history by now. Except for a token few, rest were cleansed out which is the meaning of Pakistan-Cleansed State. Now  it is the turn of various sections of Moslems themselves to suffer. Of them Balochis are still fighting while resistance from people of Gilgit and Baltistan got extinguished .

Sri Tarek Fatah reminds us about civilization of India, and nation of India whose limbs were cut off with participation of ‘India’s villain’, Jinnah whose demand was conceded at sword point by  ‘Pakistan’s villains’- Gandhi and Nehru. Both arms of India were cut off to form Pakistan, west and east.

Even the legs were sought to be cut little later , when Razakars and Nizam of Hyderabad were plotting to do so, but few things happened then in Sept 48. Mountbatten went back to London, his last act was to remind Govt of India to take the matter of Junagadh accession to United Nations. Gandhi was no longer on the scene, Nehru was away in London visiting . And Sardar Patel was acting Prime Minister of Govt of India.  With the result there was no ‘Nizam E Mustafa’ , another Islamic State in South India, and since ‘Mountie’ and Jawaharlal were not involved, the accession was complete without any article 370 either.

India’s civilization rightly pointed out by Sri Tarek Fatah, is built around rivers, in forests , mountains and such places where eyes can look at unlimited cosmos and imagination can soar without even sky being the limit.

The two rivers that made India’s civilization and became basis of culture, Indus and Ganges were both lost to India at present.  Ganges delta is in a ‘different’ country just as most of Indus is in a ‘different’ country. Imagine how many rivers would have been lost to India had Nizam’s demands were met, the area got surrendered. Gandhi was negotiating with Diwan of Hyderabad and toying with idea of conducting yet another ‘Experiment with truth’ in case of Hyderabad also, which meant paralyzing Government of India from doing any thing . However as noted before events took their own course.

Nathuram Godse points this out as one of reason that prompted him to take the extreme step. He also said while he was in prison, he heard the news of Govt of India taking ‘police action’ against Razakars and Nizam of Hyderabad, he felt glad.

The future course of many nations was determined by mostly what they did when they became free or soon after.

The same trick , to divide and quit, was sought to be played in South Africa, to divided it and form a  Zulu Land but determined Nelson Mandela stood firm against division, to day S A remains intact.

United States after it became free purchased Louisiana, and became double its size. Demand to divide  or separate took place in US nearly 100 years later, however with Abraham Lincoln  risked civil war and kept ‘one nation under God’ intact.  Germany kept reunification of its divided parts as a goal and aim and achieved it .

India too could have done it. The mutineers of India’s armed forces starting with Navy at Bombay clearly served  battered British during II war, that their time was up and should leave. Had India’s implicitly trusted leaders put their foot down much like Mandela et al, or for that matter like our own people led by likes of Aurobindo in 1905 when Lord Curzon  partitioned Bengal on Hindu-Moslem basis, but was forced to undo it, India too would have remained intact without deleterious effects not only to India but also to the world in general with partitioned part, Pakistan becoming an international hub and training ground of terrorism.

Now out of that    lost 1/3 of former India’s territory , instead of development  or progress as Sardar Patel hoped, ‘let each nation according to its genius ‘ he said, what we see is entirely different . Even those who were once most violent protagonists for partition, like E Bengalis, Balochis have rebelled against Pakistan. E Bengal turmoil is history , now the unrest is in Balochistan.

Before Pakistan came into existence , State of Kalat and Balochistan were different countries and independent. Kalat opted to join India , just like North West Frontier Province under leadership of Khan Abdul Gafar Khan. But their  entreaties were rebuffed by Nehru led Govt of India. ‘Frontier Gandhi’ as venerable Khan Abdul Gafar Khan was known, remarked they were thrown to wolves. And that exactly what happened when they were annexed by Pakistan.

The fate suffered by Hindus and Sikhs at the time of partition in parts now called Pakistan, came to be shared by

Balochis. Gilgit and Baltistan are other parts that fell to ‘wolves’.

Result of all these is ‘wounded civilization’ as V S Naipaul termed . All these parts under Pakistan, Pakistan itself, Kashmir on one side of India , E Bengal, Ganges delta on the other were cradle of civilization of India just as Kashmir was from ancient times when it was adorned with Taxsila University and  Saraswathi temple till composite culture took hold .

All the people of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as the Baloch leader Tarek Fatah reminds us belong to same civilization, Indian. Instead of constantly harping still on reservations and quotas based on religion , despite  havoc

relatively recently caused by religion based politics, it is high time emphasis is shifted to civilization which is common to all the people in Hindusthan peninsula. Many Indonesian Muslims take pride in their Hindu past which was the origin of their culture and civilization. Similar development can take place in ‘Subcontinent or South Asia’ which will end great deal of existing as well as potentially more dangerous turmoil for the benefit of entire area and beyond.

Having a clear vision in that direction, strength and prosperity being built in India which by themselves will act as centripetal forces, the Himalayan blunders of yesterday’s tall leaders can and should be corrected. With artificial , unnatural borders, lines of control thus erased ,with same culture and civilization prevailing as it was in the days of yore not even sky will be limit to progress and development  of India.

Conclusion:

Aurobindo:

India of the ages is not dead nor has she spoken her last creative word; she lives and has still something to do for herself and the human peoples.

India is the meeting place of the religions and among these Hinduism alone is by itself a vast and complex thing, not so much a religion as a great diversified and yet subtly unified mass of spiritual thought, realization and aspiration.

In his famous Uttarpara Speech, he outlined the essence and the goal of India’s nationalist movement thus:

“I say no longer that nationalism is a creed, a religion, a faith; I say that it is the Sanatan Dharma which for us is nationalism. This Hindu nation was born with the Sanatan Dharma, with it, it moves and with it, it grows. When the Sanatan Dharma declines, then the nation declines, and if the Sanatan Dharma were capable of perishing, with the Sanatan Dharma it would perish.”

“But what is the Hindu religion ? What is this religion which we call Sanatan, eternal ? It is the Hindu religion only because the Hindu nation has kept it, because in this Peninsula it grew up in the seclusion of the sea and the Himalayas, because in this sacred and ancient land it was given as a charge to the Aryan race to preserve through the ages.

But it is not circumscribed by the confines of a single country, it does not belong peculiarly and for ever to a bounded part of the world. That which we call the Hindu religion is really the eternal religion, because it is the universal religion which embraces all others. If a religion is not universal, it cannot be eternal. A narrow religion, a sectarian religion, an exclusive religion can live only for a limited time and a limited purpose. This is the one religion that can triumph over materialism by including and anticipating the discoveries of science and the speculations of philosophy.”

In 1910, he withdrew from political life and spent his remaining life doing spiritual exercises and writing.[13] But his works kept inspiring revolutionaries and struggles for independence, including the famous Chittagong Uprising.[16] Both Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are credited with having founded the basis for a vision of freedom and glory for India in the spiritual richness and heritage of Hinduism.  ( From Wikepedia)

Aurobindo also confidently predicted the artificial partition of India , unnatural state Pakistan will not survive the test of time. Developing events, favorable geopolitical atmosphere and recently emerged Hindu nationalist led government point to prediction of  Rsi of modern times, Aurobindo to come true. Aurobindo also was a great Vedic scholar .

There are thus many more martyrs, patriots, saints , scholars and soldiers who made great contributions towards freedom, development and progress of India. All of them deserve to be remembered on this day or any other day.

Satyameva Jayathe

Best wishes,

G V Chelvapilla

(This article is rewritten from another one sent earlier by me,  on this occasion, )

From: Dr. Jagan Kaul < >

Truth About J&K Accession

 From: Deva samaroo < >

India’s Ancient History
How the West Try To Distort Vedic Knowledge 

Scientific Verification of Vedic Knowledge–Full Length

Geographical knowledge of the Vedic period.

The geographical evidence as to be found in the hymns of Vedas throes some light on the course of Indo-Aryan migration and the origin of Hinduism. Whether the Indo-Aryans came from Central Asia or not depends largely on the interpretation of the geographical allusions in the Rig and Yajur Vedas.

The hymns in praise of rivers in the 10th block are interesting. The author while singing the greatness of the Sindhu enumerates at least 19 rivers including the Ganges. The fifth Stanza gives a list of 10 streams, small and great-Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Satluj, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Maruwardwan (in J&K), Sushoma (Rowalpindi District) and probably Kanshi in the same district. This system of rivers did not remain the Saraswati. The existing delta of the Indus has been formed since the time of Alexander the Great.
The Vedic hymns reveal the initial Aryan settlements in India: western tributaries of the Indus, the Gomti (modern Gomal) the Krumu (modern Kurram) and the Kubha (modern Kabul). The one river mentioned in the North of Kabul is Suvastu (modern swat).
But the main focus of the Rig Vedic settlements was in the Punjab and the Delhi region. When the Rig-Vedic hymns were compiled the focus of Aryan settlement was the region between the Yamuna and the Sutlaj, south of modern Ambala and Laong the upper course of river Saraswati. The most frequently mentioned rivers are the Sindhu (Indus), the Sarasvati (modern Sarsuti), the Drishadvati (modern Chitang), and the five streams of the Punjab.
Regarding the other geographical features, the Vedic poets knew the Himalayas but not the land south of Yamuna, since they did not mention the Vindhayas, In the east also the Aryans did not expand beyond Yamuna; for the river Ganga is mentioned only once in one late hymn.
And possibly, the Aryans had no knowledge of the oceans since the word ‘samudra’ in the Vedic period meant a pool of water. But the later Vedic knowledge shows that the Aryans knew the two seas, the Himalayas and the Vindhyan mountainas and generally the entire Indo-Gangetic plain.
The Aryans used various kinds of pottery and the sites where the painted grey were are found, confirm the Aryan settlements. The Vedic texts show that the Aryans expanded from the Punjab over the whole of western Uttar Pradesh covered by the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. The Bharatas and Purus known as Kuru people first lived between Sarasvati and Drishadvati just on the fringe of the Doab. Soon the Kurus occupied Delhi and the Upper portion of the doab, that is the area called Kurukshetra, After this event, the Kurus joined with the people called Panchalas who occupied the middle portion of the Doab or the Moder districts of Bareilly Dadaun and Farrukabad. It was the Kuru-Panchalas who had set up their capital at Hastinapur situated in the district of Meerut. Later the Kauravas and the Pandavas belonging to the same Kuru clan fought out a battle which led to the extinction of the Kuru clan.
And by 600 B.C. the Aryans spread from the Doab further east to Kosala in Eastern U.P. and Vedeha in north Bihar. The former town is associated with the story of Ramchandra, but it is not mentioned in Vedic literature.

Vedic Age

Duration: 1500 BC to 500 BC

The Vedic Period or the Vedic Age refers to that time period when the Vedic Sanskrit texts were composed in India. The society that emerged during that time is known as the Vedic Period, or the Vedic Age, Civilization. The Vedic Civilization flourished between the 1500 BC and 500 BC on the Indo-Gangetic Plains of the Indian subcontinent. This civilization laid down the foundation of Hinduism as well as the associated Indian culture. The Vedic Age was followed by the golden age of Hinduism and classical Sanskrit literature, the Maurya Empire and the Middle Kingdoms of India.

Vedic Texts
Linguistically, the texts belonging to the Hindu Vedic Civilization can be classified into the following five chronological branches:

Rigvedic
The oldest text of the Vedic Period, Rig Veda has many elements that are common with the Indo-Iranian texts, both in language and in content. One cannot find such similarity in any other Vedic text. It is believed that the compilation of the Rig Veda had stretched over a number of centuries. However, there is a conflict as to the completion date of the Rig Veda. Some historians believe it to be 1500 BC, while the others believe it to be 3000 BC. This time period coincided with the Indus Valley Civilization.

Mantra Language
The period of the Mantra Language includes the time of the compilation of the mantra and prose language of the Atharvaveda (Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the Rigveda Khilani, the Samaveda Samhita and the mantras of the Yajurveda. Though derived from the Rig Veda, all these texts experienced wide scale changes, in terms of language as well as at the time of reinterpretation. This time period coincided with the early Iron Age in northwestern India and the Black and Red Ware culture.

Samhita Prose
The period of Samhita Prose represents the compilation and codification of a Vedic canon. The linguistic changes of this time include the complete loss of the injunctive, the subjunctive and the aorist. The commentary part of the Yajurveda belongs to the Samhita Prose period. During this time, the Painted Grey Ware culture was evident.

Brahmana Prose
This period signifies Brahmanas proper of the four Vedas, along with the oldest Upanishads.

Sutra Language
The last division of the Vedic Sanskrit can be traced up to 500 BC. During this time, a major portion of the Srauta Sutras, the Grihya Sutras and some Upanishads were composed.

Epic and Paninian Sanskrit (Post Vedic)
In the post-Vedic Period, the compilation of Mahabharata and Ramayana epics took place. The Classical Sanskrit described by Panini also emerged after the Vedic Age. The Vedanta and the Pali Prakrit dialect of Buddhist scripture belong to this period. During this time, the Northern Black Polished Ware culture started spreading over the northern parts of India.

The end of the Vedic Period Civilization in India was marked by significant changes in the field of linguistics, culture and politics. With the invasion of the Indus valley by Darius I, in the 6th century, outside influences started creeping in.

Early Vedic Period (Rigvedic Period)
The Rigvedic Period represents the time period when the Rig Veda was composed. The Rig Veda comprises of religious hymns, and allusions to various myths and stories. Some of the books even contain elements from the pre-Vedic, common Indo-Iranian society. Some similarities are also found with the Andronovo culture and the Mittanni kingdoms. Thus, it is difficult to define the exact beginning of the Rigvedic period. The prominent features of the Rigvedic period are given below:

Political Organization
The political units during the Rigvedic or the early Vedic period comprised of Grama (village), Vish and Jana. The biggest political unit was that of Jana, after which came Vish and then, Grama. The leader of a Grama was called Gramani, of a Vish was called Vishpati and that of Jana was known as Jyeshta. The rashtra (state) was governed by a Rajan (King) and he was known as Gopa (protector) and Samrat (supreme ruler). The king ruled with the consent and approval of the people. There were four councils, namely Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata and Gana, of which women were allowed to attend only two, Sabha and Vidhata. The duty of the king was to protect the tribe, in which he was assisted by the Purohita (chaplain) and the Senani (army chief).

Society and Economy
numerous social changes took place during the early Vedic period. The concept of Varna, along with the rules of marriage, was made quite stiff. Social stratification took place, with the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas being considered higher than the Shudras and the Vaisyas. Cows and bulls were accorded religious significance. The importance of agriculture started growing. The families became patriarchal and people began praying for the birth of a son.

Vedic Religious Practices
Rishis, composers of the hymns of the Rig Veda, were considered to be divine. Sacrifices and chanting of verses started gaining significance as the principal mode of worship. The main deities were Indra, Agni (the sacrificial fire), and Soma. People also worshipped Mitra-Varuna, Surya (Sun), Vayu (wind), Usha (dawn), Prithvi (Earth) and Aditi (the mother of gods). Yoga and Vedanta became the basic elements of the religion.

Later Vedic Period
The later Vedic Period commenced with the emergence of agriculture as the principal economic activity. Along with that, a declining trend was experienced as far as the importance of cattle rearing was concerned. Land and its protection started gaining significance and as a result, several large kingdoms arose.

Political Organization
The rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas, along with the increasing powers of the King, comprise of the other characteristics of this period. Rituals like rajasuya, (royal consecration), vajapeya (chariot race) and ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) became widespread. At the same time, the say of the people in the administration diminished.

Society
As far as the society is concerned, the concept of Varna and the rules of marriage became much more rigid than before. The status of the Brahmanas and Kshatriyas increased greatly and social mobility was totally restricted. The proper pronunciation of verses became to be considered as essential for prosperity and success in war. Kshatriyas started amassing wealth and started utilizing the services of the Brahmins. The other castes were slowly degraded. Around 500 BC, the later Vedic Period started giving rise to the period of the Middle kingdoms of India.

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The Wall of Kumbhalagadh (कुम्भलगढ) India

The walls of the fort of Kumbhalgarh extend over 38 km, claimed to be the second-longest continuous wall after the Great Wall of China. 

Kumbhalgarh Fort is a Mewar fortress on the westernly range of Aravalli Hills, in the Rajsamand District of Rajasthan state in western India. 

Deva S. Samaroo

London (0044 20 200 0931)

From: Deva |Sarran Samaroo < >

WHY INDIA WAS DIVIDED

Collection of thoughts by G V Chelvapilla

Why did Jinnah demand Pakistan? This question will keep coming up, and should come up as long as Pakistan exists. Because there are many who covered up the events leading to partition and role of main players from India’s side in the sordid drams of vivisection of their motherland. Of course British wanting to divide India before they quit, before they granted independence is understandable but not the demand for it coming from Jinnah and meek acquiescence from Gandhi and Nehru to the foul deed. Despite Jinnah being praised as secular by India’s tall leader, his role and subsequent alleged regret for creating an Islamic State out of India is now being increasingly talked about even by Pakistani Muslims. This is truly amazing because these enlightened Muslims had to overcome brainwashing that went in Pakistan text books to students, which covered up many facts of history both recent and remote. Instead made it appear as if history of India began when first Pakistani, Mohd bin Qasim entered Sindh. So the Pakistani writers like the author below or Najma Sethi et al had to rise above such impediments and derive their conclusions based on their own study independent of sanitized, islamized texts and propaganda. By the way the first speech made by Jinnah to the national assembly in Pakistan is no longer available in Pakistan because in it he talked about equal rights for all including Hindus (hypocritically we might add, nevertheless it would be a useful document for students there)

The scene below would not have taken place, and a ‘fantastic nonsense’ of Pakistan would not have been there had there been a deft handling of Sir Stafford Cripps in March 1942. Please continue reading, an article on Cripps mission and comments preceding it.

Eleven days before August 15, 1947, Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten (center), Jawaharlal Nehru (extreme left) and Mohammad Ali Jinnah (right) prepare for the transfer of power from the British Crown. A notional picture of a divided nation comprising India and Pakistan, as distinct from the agglomeration of princely states and provinces administered by the Raj, came into being during these deliberations. Nehru represented the Indian National Congress while Jinnah stood for the Muslim League, which demanded a separate sovereign state for Muslims.

In 1942 itself Britain was in bad position having been beaten by Japanese throughout S E Asia, retreating from its colonies there. US as well as China then run by Chang Kai Shek who were in favor of independence of India were putting pressure on UK to seek cooperation of nationalists of India for the allied war effort.

Sir Stafford Cripps was sympathetic to India’s national cause.

His proposals carried no mention of Pakistan.

Instead he proposed Indian Union with a dominion status. And provinces had the freedom to choose to stay independent or join the Union. Until the Constituent assembly gets formed and decisions taken , Viceroy will retain power until its transfer is complete.

While it is understandable why any nationalist should reject the ‘post dated cheque’, Gandhi and Nehru grossly overestimated their capacity to force Britain to concede freedom right then and there . Also they were not then in favor of provinces, princely states having freedom to secede. If only they as well as Congress party stood firm on these demands, again it would be understandable. But that was not the case.

Instead Gandhi , some say out of jealousy towards Subhash Bose who is scoring victories in S E Asia, advancing through Burma , conquered territory by his allies Japanese, started his ill thought Quit India Movement, at a time Britain was neck deep in WWII and was being beaten by both Japan in Asia and Germany in Europe.

Like Attlee said Gandhian movements had very minimal effect on the raj. But this one, Quit India movement, only strengthened the anti-India elements, ‘Churchill (the British prime minister), Amery (the secretary of state), Linlithgow (the viceroy) and Ward (the commander-in-chief)’ decided to punish India before they quit. They found a willing tool in Moslem league and its leader Jinnah to accomplish their purpose.

And what was the result of mishandling of Cripps proposals by Gandhi and Nehru? They ended up accepting everything and more in the end which they bitterly opposed at first thus paving way for partition holocaust. What resulted was not Indian Union they demanded without right of secession to the provinces, but burden of most violent vivisection of India and right of secession to all princely states some 562 of them apart from already seceded state Pakistan, and a dominion status for truncated India. But for genius of Sardar Patel India would still be having same troubles as they existed before he merged the princely states along with an Islamic State right in middle of India in Hyderabad. Dominion status lasted until 1950, but partition and Pakistan still continue.

In summary, rejection of Cripps mission did not result in any benefit to India but making India bleed through vivisection then and through 1000 cuts policy of the newly carved Islamic state, Pakistan.

Pakistan however still remains as Nehru called it, ‘fantastic nonsense’ and sooner than later yet another Himalayan Blunder of Gandhi-Nehru will have to be corrected by strong and prosperous India.

Cripps Mission in India: Main Proposal, Implications and Failure of Cripps Mission

by Puja Mondal History

Read this article to learn about the Cripps mission in India and its main proposal, implications and failure of the mission!

In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war.

Stafford Cripps was a left-wing Labourite, the leader of the House of Commons and a member of the British War Cabinet who had actively supported the Indian national movement.

Why Cripps Mission was sent:

1. Because of the reverses suffered by Britain in South-East Asia, the Japanese threat to invade India seemed real now ‘and Indian support became crucial.
2. There was pressure on Britain from the Allies (USA, USSR, and China) to seek Indian cooperation.

iii. Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied cause if substantial power was transferred immediately and complete independence given after the war.

Main Proposals:

The main proposals of the mission were as follows:

1. An Indian Union with a dominion status; would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
2. After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
3. The British Government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions.

(i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution- making body and the British Government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.

4. In the meantime, defense of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.

Departures from the Past and Implications:

The proposals differed from those offered in the past in many respects:

1. The making of the constitution was to be solely in Indian hands now (and not “mainly” in Indian hands—as contained in the August Offer).
2. A concrete plan was provided for the constituent assembly.

iii. Option was available to any province to have a separate constitution—a blueprint for India’s partition.

1. Free India could withdraw from the Commonwealth.
2. Indians were allowed a large share in the administration in the interim period.

Why Cripps Mission Failed:

The Cripps Mission proposals failed to satisfy Indian nationalists and turned out to be merely a propaganda device for US and Chinese consumption. Various parties and groups had objections to the proposals on different points.

The Congress objected to:

(i) The offer of dominion status instead of a provision for complete independence.

(ii) Representation of the states by nominees and not by elected representatives.

(iii) Right to provinces to secede as this went against the principle of national unity.

(iv) Absence of any plan for immediate transfer of power and absence of any real share in defense; the governor- general’s supremacy had been retained, and the demand for governor-general being only the constitutional head had not been accepted.

Nehru and Maulana Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress.

The Muslim League:

(i) Criticized the idea of a single Indian Union.

(ii) Did not like the machinery for the creation of a constituent assembly and the procedure to decide on the accession of provinces to the Union.

(iii) Thought that the proposals denied to the Muslims the right to self-determination and the creation of Pakistan.

Other groups also objected to the provinces’ right to secede. The Liberals considered the secession proposals to be against the unity and security of India. The Hindu Mahasabha criticized the basis of the right to secede. The depressed classes thought that partition would leave them at the mercy of the caste Hindus. The Sikhs objected that partition would take away Punjab from them.

The explanation that the proposals were meant not to supersede the August Offer but to clothe general provisions with precision put British intentions in doubt.

The incapacity of Cripps to go beyond the Draft Declaration and the adoption of a rigid “take it or leave it” attitude added to the deadlock. Cripps had earlier talked of “cabinet” and “national government” but later he said that he had only meant an expansion of the executive council.

The procedure of accession was not well-defined. The decision on secession was to be taken by a resolution in the legislature by a 60% majority. If less than 60% of” members supported it, the decision was to be taken by a plebiscite of adult males of that province by a simple majority. This scheme weighed against the Hindus in Punjab and Bengal if they wanted accession to the Indian Union.

It was not clear as to who would implement and interpret the treaty effecting the transfer of power.

Churchill (the British prime minister), Amery (the secretary of state), Linlithgow (the viceroy) and Ward (the commander-in-chief) consistently torpedoed Cripps’ efforts.

Talks broke down on the question of the viceroy’s veto.

Gandhi described the scheme as “a post-dated cheque”; Nehru pointed out that the “existing structure and autocratic powers would remain and a few of us will become the viceroy’s liveried camp followers and look after canteens and the like”.

Stafford Cripps returned home leaving behind a frustrated and embittered Indian people, who, though still sympathizing with the victims of Fascist aggression, felt that the existing situation in the country had become intolerable and that the time had come for a final assault on imperialism.

From: Rajan Gopalan

Not many of us were aware! Jai Hind!!